Which tank condition is the primary source of liquid surge?
Correct answer: C – A tank that is only partly filled with liquid
Liquid surge develops when cargo moves inside a partially filled tank. During acceleration, braking, or stopping, the liquid shifts and may push the vehicle in the direction of the wave. A high center of gravity is a separate handling concern; surge is produced by liquid that has room to move.
Source: West Virginia Commercial Driver’s License Manual — § 8.2.2, “Danger of Surge”

